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Clean is intended NOTE 6Caution: This type of developer is intended for application to mean that the surface must be free of rust, scale, welding by spray only.

These contaminants can prevent the penetrant from entering discon- developers will form a transparent or translucent coating on the tinuities see Annex on Cleaning of Parts and Materials. Certain types of film developer may be NOTE 10Caution: Residues from cleaning processes such as strong stripped from the part and retained for record purposes see alkalies, pickling solutions and chromates, in particular, may adversely 8. Procedure of parts be thoroughly dry after cleaning, since any liquid 8.

Drying may. Spray Dip. Both conventional infrared lamps, forced hot air, or exposure to ambient tempera- and electrostatic spray guns are effective means of applying ture. Electrostatic spray 8. Aerosol sprays are conveniently portable and 8. Small parts are quite often placed in NOTE 11Caution: Not all penetrant materials are suitable for elec- suitable baskets and dipped into a tank of penetrant.

On larger trostatic spray applications, so tests should be conducted prior to use. See 8. This is generally accomplished through the use of a NOTE 13For some specific applications in structural ceramics for properly designed spray booth and exhaust system. The 8. Table 2, however, provides a guide for selection examined must be removed with water, usually a washing of penetrant dwell times for a variety of materials, forms, and operation.

It can be washed off manually, by the use of types of discontinuity. Unless otherwise specified, the dwell automatic or semi-automatic water-spray equipment or by time shall not exceed the maximum recommended by the immersion. For immersion rinsing, parts are completely im- manufacturer.

For temperatures between 40 and 50F 4. B Maximum penetrant dwell time in accordance with 8. C Development time begins as soon as wet developer coating has dried on surface of parts recommended minimum. Maximum development time in accordance with 8. Accumulation of water in pockets or recesses of the surface 8. If the final rinse step is not effective, as fied penetrant from the surface can be accomplished using evidenced by excessive residual surface penetrant after rinsing, either manual, semi-automated, or automated water immersion dry see 8.

The time and temperature should be kept constant. Excessive washing can cause necessary after immersion. With fluorescent penetrant 8. After application of the emulsifier, the parts are drained in 8. This step allows for the 8. The length of time that the emulsification so as to minimize the degree of penetrant emulsifier is allowed to remain on a part and in contact with the contamination in the hydrophilic emulsifier bath, thereby penetrant is dependent on the type of emulsifier employed and extending its life.

In addition, prerinsing of penetrated parts the surface condition smooth or rough. Nominal emulsifica- minimizes possible oily penetrant pollution in the final rinse tion time should be as recommended by the manufacturer.

The step of this process. This is accomplished by collecting the actual emulsification time must be determined experimentally prerinsings in a holding tank, separating the penetrant from for each specific application. The surface finish roughness of water. Contact time should be plished by either manual or automated water spray rinsing of kept to the least possible time consistent with an acceptable the parts as follows: background and should not exceed the maximum time speci- a Water should be free of contaminants that could clog fied for the part or material.

Caution: A touch-up rinse may be necessary after immersion. Wash time is to be as specified by the part b Spray rinse water pressure should not exceed 40 psi or material specification.

The hydrophilic removed. Then using a lint-free material lightly moistened with emulsifier should be gently agitated throughout the contact solvent remover the remaining traces are gently wiped to avoid cycle. Avoid the use of a Bath concentration should be as recommended by the excess solvent.

If the wiping step is not effective, as evidenced manufacturer. Drying time will vary organization. Oven temperatures shall of an emulsifier. All part surfaces should be evenly and not exceed F 71C. Drying time shall only be that uniformly sprayed to effectively emulsify the residual pen- necessary to adequately dry the part.

Components shall be etrant on part surfaces to render it water-washable. Times over 30 min in the dryer may impair the sensitivity of c The spray pressure should be 25 psi kPa max for the examination. The size, configura- cation. Effective post-rinsing of emulsified penetrant from the surface 8. Parts can be immersed in a tions thereof.

It is common and effective to apply dry powder in an constant and should be maintained within the range of 50 to enclosed dust chamber, which creates an effective and con- F 10 to 38C. Other means suited to the size and geometry b The maximum dip rinse time should not exceed s of the specimen may be used, provided the powder is dusted.

Excess powder coating. It is good practice to observe the bleedout while may be removed by shaking or tapping the part, or by blowing applying the developer as an aid in interpreting and evaluating with low-pressure 5 psi 34 kPa dry, clean, compressed air. Aqueous suspendable developers can be used photographic-type visible light meter on the surface being with both Type 1 and Type 2 penetrants.

Aqueous developers examined. The intensity should be checked weekly to ensure the manner as to ensure complete, even, part coverage. Aqueous required output. Reflectors and filters should be checked daily developers may be applied by spraying see Note 16 , flowing, for cleanliness and integrity. Cracked or broken ultraviolet or immersing the part.

It is common to immerse the parts in a UV filters should be replaced immediately. Defective bulbs, prepared developer bath. Immerse parts only long enough to which radiate UV energy, must be replaced before further use. Since a drop in line voltage can cause decreased black light Then remove parts from the developer bath and allow to drain. Dry the parts in accordance with 8. The dried Caution: Certain high-intensity black light may emit unac- developer coating appears as a translucent or white coating on ceptable amounts of visible light, which will cause fluorescent the part.

Care should be taken to use only bulbs NOTE 16Caution: Atomized spraying is not recommended since a certified by the supplier to be suitable for such examination spotty film may result. NOTE 19The recommended minimum light intensity in 8. For critical examinations, higher intensity levels may be required. These types warm up for a minimum of 10 min prior to its use or of developer carrier evaporate very rapidly at normal room measurement of the intensity of the ultraviolet light emitted.

Longer prohibited, since they may flush or dissolve the penetrant from times may be necessary under some circumstances. Proper ventilation should be provided 8. Adequate closed volume, such as a process drum or a small storage tank.

A minimum light intensity at the examination ommended by the manufacturer. Spray parts in such a manner site of fc Lx is recommended. Practice good 8. Developing time begins immediately after the practice to interpret and evaluate the discontinuity based on the application of dry powder developer and as soon as the wet size of the indication see Reference Photographs E The maximum cases where residual penetrant or developer could interfere permitted developing times shall be 4 h for dry powder with subsequent processing or with service requirements.

It is developer, 2 h for aqueous developer and 1 h for nonaqueous particularly important where residual penetrant examination developer. A suitable technique, such as a simple water applicable development time as specified in 8. However, this high a level may be unacceptable for some applications, so the actual maximum acceptable impurity level must NOTE 21Caution: Developers should be removed prior to vapor be decided between supplier and user on a case by case basis.

Vapor degreasing can bake the developer on parts. Special Requirements examination is performed on parts that must be maintained at elevated temperature during examination, special materials and 9. Such examination 9. Manufacturers steels, titanium, nickel-base or other high-temperature alloys, recommendations should be observed. These impurities may cause Qualification and Requalification embrittlement or corrosion, particularly at elevated tempera- tures.

Any such evaluation should also include consideration of These normally evaporate conforming to the applicable edition of recommended Practice quickly and usually do not cause problems. A test piece etrant materials are normally subjected to an evaporation containing one or more discontinuities of the smallest relevant procedure to remove the solvents before the materials are size is used.

The test piece may contain real or simulated analyzed for impurities. The residue from this procedure is discontinuities, providing it displays the characteristics of the then analyzed in accordance with Test Method D , Test discontinuities encountered in product examination. Method D , or Test Method D decomposition fol- The residue may also be analyzed by Test used to perform the examination, the agency shall meet the Method D or Annex A2 on Methods for Measuring Total requirements of Practice E Penetration Materials for fluorine.

An alternative procedure,. Keywords phy, provides a single instrumental technique for rapid sequen- Alkali metals in the residue are determined by nondestructive testing; solvent removable; visible liquid pen- flame photometry or atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Mandatory Information. Detergent cleaners may be alkaline, neutral, or be put into a small degreaser or ultrasonic cleaner ; and 4 acidic in nature, but must be noncorrosive to the item being specific cleaning requirements of the purchaser.

The following inspected. The cleaning properties of detergent solutions facili- cleaning methods are recommended: tate complete removal of soils and contamination from the. Hot-tank alkaline strippers penetrant. These solvents should be residue-free, mechanical milling, drilling, reaming, grinding, liquid honing, especially when used as a hand-wipe solvent or as a dip-tank sanding, lathe cutting, tumble or vibratory deburring, and degreasing solvent.

Solvent cleaners are not recommended for abrasive blasting, including abrasives such as glass beads, the removal of rust and scale, welding flux and spatter, and in sand, aluminum oxide, ligno-cellulose pellets, metallic shot, general, inorganic soils.

Caution: Some cleaning solvents are etc. Observe all manufacturers scale, and foundry adhering sands, as well as to deburr or instructions and precautionary notes. These processes A1. It will not nuities open to the surface, especially for soft metals such as remove inorganic-type soils dirt, corrosion, salts, etc. Because of the short contact time, degreasing may not solutions are routinely used for descaling part surfaces. Such containing specially selected detergents for wetting, penetrat- etchants should be used in accordance with the manufacturers ing, emulsifying, and saponifying various types of soils.

Hot recommendations. Acids and chromates can adversely affect the the manufacturers recommendations. Caution: Parts cleaned fluorescence of fluorescent materials. After baking, the part shall be cooled to a temperature below application shall not exceed F 52C. It will remove inorganic soils and many in a clean, oxidizing atmosphere is an effective way of organic soils from the surface of parts, but may not reach to the removing moisture or light organic soil or both.

The maximum bottom of deep discontinuities, and a subsequent solvent soak temperature that will not cause degradation of the properties of is recommended.

It should be A1. Wet developer coatings can organic solvent if the soil to be removed is organic grease and be removed effectively by water rinsing or water rinsing with oily films, etc. After ultrasonic cleaning, parts should be detergent either by hand or with a mechanical assist scrub heated to remove the cleaning fluid, then cooled to at least brushing, washing machine, etc.

The soluble developer coat- F 52C , before application of penetrant. Vapor degreasing 10 min minimum , solvent soaking disintegrating-type hot-tank alkaline paint strippers. In most 15 min minimum , and ultrasonic solvent cleaning 3 min cases, the paint film must be completely removed to expose the minimum techniques are recommended.

In some cases, it is surface of the metal. Solvent-type paint removers can be of the desirable to vapor degrease, then follow with a solvent soak. Its type that remains open, except when held in closed position by the range of applicability is 0. The procedures assume that A2.

If these elements are present, they will be detected and reported as chlorine. The full A2. Chromate A2. These processes be effectively removed with an air blow-off free of oil or it may decrease the effectiveness of the penetrant examination by can be removed with water rinsing. Wet developer coatings can smearing or peening over metal surfaces and filling disconti- be removed effectively by water rinsing or water rinsing with nuities open to the surface, especially for soft metals such as detergent either by hand or with a mechanical assist scrub aluminum, titanium, magnesium, and beryllium alloy.

The soluble developer coat- A1. Vapor degreasing 10 min minimum , solvent soaking surface discontinuities and prevent penetrant from entering. In some cases, it is smeared metal that peens over surface discontinuities. Such desirable to vapor degrease, then follow with a solvent soak. It is in combustible liquid penetrant materials, liquid or solid.

Its desirable, however, that the bomb be enclosed in a shield of range of applicability is 0. The procedures assume that protection be provided against unforeseeable contingencies. If these elements are present, they will be detected and reported as chlorine. The full A2. Chromate A2. The method is applicable only to materials that are quantitative recovery of the liquids from the bomb may be totally combustible.

The inner surface of the bomb may be made of stainless steel or any other material that will not be affected A2. Materials used in the A2. The tion, shall be resistant to heat and chemical action, and shall not chlorine compounds thus liberated are absorbed in a sodium undergo any reaction that will affect the chlorine content of the carbonate solution and the amount of chloride present is liquid in the bomb.

If white oil will be used Note A2. After each use, they should be scrubbed out Note A2. This dullness should be A2. A satisfactory method for gage. This procedure will remove all but very deep pits and put without melting the wire. Before using the bomb, it should be washed with soap and water to remove oil or paste left from the polishing NOTE A2. Bombs with porous or pitted surfaces should never be used type that remains open, except when held in closed position by the because of the tendency to retain chlorine from sample to sample.

Caution: Do not use more than 1 g total of sample and white oil or other A2. NOTE A2. However, the combined weight of sample and A2. Some solid additives are Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shall relatively insoluble, but may be satisfactorily burned when covered with conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical a layer of white oil. It is difficult to vided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently rinse the last traces of chlorine from the walls of the bomb and the high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of tendency for residual chlorine to carry over from sample to sample has been observed in a number of laboratories.

When a sample high in the determination. Assemble the bomb and tighten A2. Admit oxygen Caution, Note A2.

Dissolve 50 g of anhydrous Na2CO3 or Connect the terminals to the open electrical circuit. Close firing wire approximately mm in length. Coil the middle the circuit to ignite the sample. Remove the bomb from the section about 20 mm and attach the free ends to the terminals. Release the Arrange the coil so that it will be above and to one side of the pressure at a slow, uniform rate such that the operation requires sample cup.

Open the bomb and examine the contents. Open the determination, and thoroughly clean the bomb before again the bomb, place the sample-filled sample cup in the terminal putting it in use Note A2.

Use of a sample weight containing over Procedure 20 mg of chlorine may cause corrosion of the bomb. The sample weight should not exceed 0. Use 0. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not to 35 3. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. Liquid samples A2. Follow normal procedure, making two or A2. Repeat this blank procedure whenever new batches of reagents or white oil are used. Repeatability and sensitivity of the method the blank run is to measure the chlorine in the white oil, the are much enhanced by the automatic equipment while much tedious effort reagents, and that introduced by contamination.

This is done by titration of a known A2. Pipet in 5. Calculate the normality water, and dilute to 1 L. Rinse any residue into the beaker.

Next, rinse the bomb VB 5 millilitres of AgNO3 solution used for the cover and terminals into the beaker. Finally, rinse both inside titration of the reagents only. Washings A2. Add methanol to make sample as follows: mL. Add mL of where: acetone. Place the electrodes in the solution, start the stirrer if VS 5 millilitres of AgNO3 solution used by the sample, mechanical stirrer is to be used , and begin titration.

If titration VB 5 millilitres of AgNO3 solution used by the blank, is manual, set the pH meter on the expanded millivolt scale and N 5 normality of the AgNO3 solution, and note the reading. Add exactly 0. Allow a few seconds stirring; then record the new A2.

Subtract the second reading from the first. Continue adding 0. The total higher. Automatic titrators continuously ries should not be considered suspect unless they differ by stir the sample, add titrant, measure the potential difference, more than 0.

The maximum differential is taken as the end point. This dilute reagent should not be used with large samples or where chlorine content may be over 0. The large amount of water used in such titrations reduces the differential between readings, A2.

For chlorine contents over A2. Dry a A2. Weigh out 5. This modified process eliminates the interference and does not A2. Gently heat with continuous mixing operating manual procedure. Thirty millilitres is enough for approximately eleven titrations. The solution will keep for about 6 months in the refrigerator. P 5 counter reading obtained with the sample, A2.

This is dependent on the nitric acid mixture for one titration. A typical mixture is 2. A typical mixture consists of 6 g of gelatin powder, 0. If iodine is present, Fluorine will not be detected. Its range of A3. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended ion electrode. It is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening desirable, however, that the bomb be enclosed in a shield of the accuracy of the determination. Insoluble residue after A3. The inner surface of the bomb may be made A3.

Materials used in the of glacial acetic acid, 6. Stir to dissolve and then adjust the tion, shall be resistant to heat and chemical action, and shall not pH to 5. Cool and dilute to 1 L. Coil the middle in height; or platinum, 24 mm in outside diameter at the section about 20 mm and attach the free ends to the terminals.

Place 10 mL of sodium citrate solution in the A3. Open A3. If the sample is a solid, add a few drops of white type that remains open, except when held in closed position by the oil at this time to ensure ignition of the sample. NOTE A3. To avoid this it is recommended that for A3. Assemble the bomb and tighten the carry fluoride ion from a concentrated solution to one more dilute.

Admit oxygen Caution, Note A3. The bomb has been jarred, dropped, or tilted. This may be as little as 5 min bath. Close or as much as 20 min. Remove the bomb from the A3. Release the pressure reading after the same length of time necessary for A3. If traces A3.

Rinse the walls of the bomb shell with a fine stream of wash solution from a wash bottle, where: and add the washings to the flask. Next, rinse the bomb cover D E1 5 millivolt change in sample solution on addition of and terminals into the volumetric flask.

The anions of interest are separated detrimental substances in organic based materials. It provides a on the basis of their relative affinities for a low capacity, single instrumental technique for rapid, sequential measure- strongly basic anion exchanger guard and separator column.

The separated anions in their acid form are measured by solution before analysis can be attempted. The sample is conductivity. They are identified on the basis of retention time oxidized by combustion in a bomb containing oxygen under as compared to standards. Materials surface being examined and allowed to enter open discontinui- 7.

After a suitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant is cent or visible penetrants, emulsifiers oil-base and water- removed. A developer is applied to draw the entrapped pen- base , removers water and solvent , and developers dry etrant out of the discontinuity and stain the developer. The test powder, aqueous and nonaqueous. A family of liquid penetrant surface is then examined to determine the presence or absence examination materials consists of the applicable penetrant and.

AMS can be used, regardless of the manufacturer. Inter- NOTE 2—Fluorescent penetrant examination shall not follow a visible mixing of penetrants and emulsifiers from different manufac- penetrant examination unless the procedure has been qualified in accor- dance with NOTE 3—Refer to 9. NOTE 4—While approved penetrant materials will not adversely affect penetrant dwell time and excess penetrant removal methods, common metallic materials, some plastics or rubbers may be swollen or are dependent on the specific materials used, the nature of the stained by certain penetrants.

Significance and Use and cannot be removed with water rinsing alone. They are formulated to be selectively removed from the surface using a 5. Properly applied and given a proper location and, to a limited extent, the nature and magnitude of emulsification time, the emulsifier combines with the excess the detected discontinuities.

Proper emulsification time must be mally supplied as dry powder particles to be either suspended experimentally established and maintained to ensure that water suspendable or dissolved water soluble in water.

The over-emulsification does not result in loss of indications. Water soluble developers rectly water-washable from the surface of the test part, after a shall not be used with Type 2 penetrants or Type 1, Method A suitable penetrant dwell time.

It is properly applied and controlled. The procedure should be qualified in therefore extremely important to exercise proper control in the accordance with Some penetrants are less resistant to overwashing velopers are supplied as suspensions of developer particles in than others, so caution should be exercised.

This thin coating of the penetrant has been removed. The remaining traces serves as the developing medium. To prevent removal of penetrant from discontinuities, care should NOTE 6—This type of developer is intended for application by spray be taken to avoid the use of excess solvent. Flushing the only. These 7. Certain types of film developer may be emulsify the post-emulsified penetrant on the surface of the stripped from the part and retained for record purposes see part, rendering it water-washable.

The individual characteris- 8. Procedure emulsification time. The concentration, use and maintenance shall be in accordance 8.

Such operations include, but are not limited to, agitation in an open dip tank provides the scrubbing action grinding, welding, straightening, machining, and heat treating.

The individual characteristics of the emulsifier and surfaces in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, as-forged, or penetrant, and the geometry and surface roughness of the part ceramics in the densified condition. Such treat- 7. Performance of final clean and free of excess penetrant. Note that final penetrant examination shall the visibility of the indications. Under certain 8. Aerosol sprays are conveniently portable and mended because of the potential for damage. This is generally accomplished through the use of a properly and discontinuity being free of any contaminant solid or designed spray booth and exhaust system.

All parts or areas of parts to be examined must be clean and dry before 8. If only a section of a part, such as a cess penetrant to drain from the part care should be taken to weld, including the heat affected zone is to be examined, all prevent pools of penetrant from forming on the part , while contaminants shall be removed from the area being examined allowing for proper penetrant dwell time see Table 2.

The as defined by the contracting parties. Table 2, however, provides a guide for selection might interfere with the penetrant process. All of these con- of penetrant dwell times for a variety of materials, forms, and taminants can prevent the penetrant from entering discontinui- types of discontinuities. Unless otherwise specified, the dwell ties see Annex on Cleaning of Parts and Materials.

Drying may 8. It can be removed manually with a coarse spray or wiping the part NOTE 9—Residues from cleaning processes such as strong alkalies, pickling solutions and chromates, in particular, may adversely react with surface with a dampened rag, automatic or semi-automatic the penetrant and reduce its sensitivity and performance. For immersion rinsing, parts are completely immersed in the water bath with 8. Application methods include dipping, brushing, kPa.

When hydro-air pressure spray guns are used, the air flooding, or spraying. Small parts are quite often placed in pressure should not exceed 25 psi kPa. On larger parts, and those with complex geometries, penetrant can be NOTE 11—Overwashing should be avoided. Excessive washing can applied effectively by brushing or spraying. Both conventional cause penetrant to be washed out of discontinuities.

With fluorescent and electrostatic spray guns are effective means of applying penetrant methods perform the rinsing operation under black light so that liquid penetrants to the part surfaces. Not all penetrant mate- it can be determined when the surface penetrant has been adequately removed. Electrostatic spray applica- 8. B Maximum penetrant dwell time in accordance with 8.

C Development time begins as soon as wet developer coating has dried on surface of parts recommended minimum. Maximum development time in accordance with 8. The water spray pressure shall not exceed 8. Water free of contaminants must be emulsified by immersing or flooding the parts with the that could clog spray nozzles or leave a residue on the part s required emulsifier the emulsifier combines with the excess is recommended. Lipophilic emulsifier shall not be applied by spray or penetrant on part s must be emulsified by immersing the brush and the part or emulsifier shall not be agitated while part s in an agitated hydrophilic emulsifier bath or by spraying being immersed.

The emulsification time begins as soon as 8. The length of time that the emulsifier gins as soon as the emulsifier is applied. The length of time that is allowed to remain on a part and in contact with the penetrant the emulsifier is allowed to remain on a part and in contact with is dependent on the type of emulsifier employed and the the penetrant is dependent on the type of emulsifier employed surface roughness.

The emulsification time should be deter- and the surface roughness. Nominal emulsification time should mined experimentally for each specific application. The sur- be as recommended by the manufacturer. The actual emulsifi- face finish roughness of the part is a significant factor in cation time must be determined experimentally for each determining the emulsification time necessary for an emulsi- specific application.

The surface finish roughness of the part fier. Contact emulsification time should be kept to the least is a significant factor in the selection of and in the emulsifica- possible time consistent with an acceptable background and tion time of an emulsifier. Contact time shall be kept to the shall not exceed two minutes. The hydro- 8. The minimum time to or spray equipment or combinations thereof.

The amount of time the part is in the bath should be 8. Any necessary touch-up rinse after an penetrant on part surfaces to render it water-washable. The immersion rinse shall meet the requirements of 8. The water spray pressure should be less or automatic water spray rinsing. The water temperature shall than 40 psi kpa.

The water spray to the minimum time to obtain an acceptable background and pressure shall not exceed 40 psi kPa when manual spray shall not exceed two minutes. The water temperature shall be guns are used. The total rinse time shall not exceed two minutes 8. Be aware that a touch-up rinse may be thereby extending its life.

It is not necessary to prerinse a part necessary after immersion rinse, but the total wash time still if a spray application of emulsifier is used. The water spray penetrants or Type 1, Method A penetrants. Water suspendable pressure shall not exceed 40 psi kPa when manual or developers Form C can be used with both Type 1 and Type 2 hydro air spray guns are used. When hydro-air pressure spray penetrants.

Aqueous developers shall be applied to the part guns are used, the air pressure shall not exceed 25 psi immediately after the excess penetrant has been removed and kPa. Aqueous developers may be applied by spraying, rinse steps are not effective, as evidenced by excessive residual flowing, or immersing the part in a prepared developer bath.

After the parts are C —After the required penetrant dwell time, the excess pen- removed from the developer bath, allow the parts to drain. Dry the parts in accordance with 8. The dried traces of surface penetrant. Gentle wiping must be used to developer coating appears as a translucent or white coating on avoid removing penetrant from any discontinuity. On smooth the part. Flushing the surface with the excess penetrant has been removed and the surface has solvent following the application of the penetrant and prior to been dried, apply nonaqueous wet developer by spraying in developing is prohibited.

The developer shall be applied in a etrant used, drying the surface of the part s is necessary prior manner appropriate to the type of penetrant being used. For to applying dry or nonaqueous developers or following the visible dye, the developer must be applied thickly enough to application of the aqueous developer.

Drying time will vary provide a contrasting background. For fluorescent dye, the with the type of drying used and the size, nature, geometry, and developer must be applied thinly to produce a translucent number of parts being processed.

Dipping or flooding parts with nonaqueous develop- 8. Room temperature developers can flush or dissolve the penetrant from within the drying can be aided by the use of fans. Oven temperatures shall discontinuities. Drying time shall only be that NOTE 12—The vapors from the volatile solvent carrier in the developer necessary to adequately dry the part.

Components shall be may be hazardous. Proper ventilation should be provided at all times, but removed from the oven after drying. Components should not especially when the developer is applied inside a closed area. Spray parts in such a manner effective application of the various types of developers such as as to ensure complete part coverage of the area being examined dusting, immersing, flooding or spraying.

The developer form, with a thin, even film of developer. Developing time begins immediately after the velopers shall be applied after the part is dry in such a manner application of dry powder developer or as soon as the wet as to ensure complete coverage of the area of interest. Parts can aqueous or nonaqueous developer coating is dry that is, the be immersed in a container of dry developer or in a fluid bed water or solvent carrier has evaporated to dryness.

The of dry developer. They can also be dusted with the powder maximum permitted developing times shall be four hours for developer through a hand powder bulb or a conventional or dry powder developer Form A , two hours for aqueous electrostatic powder gun. Other means suited to the 8. It may be helpful to observe the bleed out during ined. Excess developer powder may be removed by shaking or the development time as an aid in interpreting indications.

Dry developers with Type 1 fluorescent penetrant under black light in a shall not be used with Type II penetrant.

Ambient light shall not exceed 2 fc It is NOTE 13—Because the fluorescent constituents in the penetrant will recommended that if developer removal is necessary, it should eventually fade with direct exposure to ultraviolet lights, direct exposure be carried out as promptly as possible after examination so that of the part under test to ultraviolet light should be minimized when not the developer does not adhere to the part.

Special Requirements 8. The intensity shall be checked daily to steels, titanium, nickel-base or other high-temperature alloys, ensure the required output. Reflectors and filters shall also be the need to restrict certain impurities such as sulfur, halogens checked daily for cleanliness and integrity.

Cracked or broken and alkali metals must be considered. These impurities may ultraviolet filters shall be replaced immediately. Since a drop in cause embrittlement or corrosion, particularly at elevated. Any such evaluation shall also include consider- consequent inconsistent performance, a constant-voltage trans- ation of the form in which the impurities are present. Some former should be used when there is evidence of voltage penetrant materials contain significant amounts of these impu- fluctuation.

Other amounts of visible light, which can cause fluorescent indications to materials may contain impurities, which are not volatile and disappear. Care should be taken to only use bulbs suitable for fluorescent may react with the part, particularly in the presence of moisture penetrant testing purposes. The residue from this procedure is penetrant processing shall be in the darkened area for at least then analyzed in accordance with Test Method D or Test one minute before examining parts.

Longer times may be Method D decomposition followed by Test Method D , necessary under some circumstances. Photochromic or tinted Method B Turbidimetric Method for sulfur.